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Economics of smuggling

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Research on smuggling as economic phenomenon is scant. Jagdish Bhagwati and Bent Hansen first forwarded a theory of smuggling in which they saw smuggling essentially as an import-substituting economic activity. Their main consideration, however, was the welfare implications of smuggling. Against common belief that the private sector is more efficient than the public sector, they showed that smuggling might not enhance social welfare though it may divert resources from government to private sector. In contrast, Faizul Latif Chowdhury, in 1999, suggested a production-substituting model of smuggling in which price disparity due to cost of supply is critically important as an incentive for smuggling. This price disparity is caused by domestic consumption taxes and import duties. Drawing attention to the case of cigarettes, Chowdhury suggested that, in Bangladesh, smuggling of cigarettes reduced the level of domestic production. Domestic production of cigarettes is subject to value added ta...
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Legal definition

In popular perception smuggling is synonymous with illegal trade. Even social scientists have misconstrued smuggling as illegal trade. While the two have indeed identical objectives, namely the evasion of taxes and the importation of contraband items, their demand and cost functions are altogether different requiring different analytical framework. As a result, illegal trade through customs stations is differently considered, and smuggling is defined as international trade through ‘unauthorized route’. citation needed A seaport, airport or land port which has not been authorized by the government for importation and exportation is an ‘unauthorized route’. The legal definition of these occurs in the Customs Act of the country. Notably, some definitions define any 'undeclared' trafficking of currency and precious metal as smuggling. Smuggling is a cognizable offense in which both the smuggled goods and the goods are punishable.
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22)Republic Day Parade 2019: Indias rich cultural diversity in display at Rajpath; 10 points

India Republic Day -- In Indias 70th Republic Day time Saturday the annual attend in the national capital showcased the countrys rich ethnical heritage and traditions. Typically the central theme of the tableaux displayed was Mahatma Gandhi as 2019 marks last year of his 150th delivery anniversary. The might of the Indian military was upon full display and in specific womens power. Before the attend celebrations kicked off using Prime Minister Narendra Modi paying homage to the martyrs by laying a flower wreath at Amar Jawan Jyoti. At Rajpath the main Minister received President Ram memory Nath Kovind and Southern Africas President Cyril Ramaphosa who was the Chief Guest in Indias Republic Day 2019 event. President Kovind hoisted the tricolour as the country wide anthem played and a 21-gun salute was fired by simply seven cannons of 2281 Field Regiment. Republic Day time Parade 2019 * Assam Rifles tableau: Participating in the Republic Day parade initially in history the Assam Gun...
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